Hebban olla vogala. . .

Hebban olla vogala nestas hagunnan hinase hic enda thu uuat abidan uue nu?

The Rochester Poem, mmc (CE).

Let’s just see where this goes.

It used to be said, and maybe still is, that the only surviving fragment of Old Dutch was the sentence “Hebben olla vogala nestas hagunnan hinase hic enda thu uuat abidan uue nu?”, which is almost visible above. This means “All the birds have begun their nests except for me and you. What are we waiting for?”. I find it utterly delightful that this rather surreal sentence would constitute the first known text in any language. It has an appealing oddness to it. However, apparently things are not so clear cut. In fact there are much older examples of Dutch known today and it’s also been argued that this sentence isn’t even in the language.

The sentence is somewhat reminiscent of the oldest known sentence in a Romance language as opposed to Latin, which is “Τορνα, τορνα, φρατρε”, apparently uttered by a Dacian soldier in the sixth Christian century in the Byzantine Empire. “Torna, torna, fratre” in Latin script. This one is remarkable in that not only is it the earliest Romance text, but it’s in the ancestor of the last major Romance language to acquire a regular written form, Romanian. Before the Strassburg Oaths, generally considered to be the earliest continuous text in a Romance language, in this case French, dating from Valentine’s Day 842, there was this.

Actually, the Strassburg Oaths, which I now realise isn’t usually spelt the way I spell it, is bilingual and may be relevant to the question of what the oldest Dutch text is, because they were sworn by two kings, Charles The Bald and Louis The German, and the latter’s language was Frankish, the Germanic language of the future France, now surviving in various forms in Germany including the to me impenetrable Kölsch. Frankish was closer to Dutch than High German was or is, so it may be relevant:

In Godes minna ind in thes christianes folches ind unser bedhero gealtnissi, fon thesemo dage frammordes, so fram so mir Got geuuizci indi mahd furgibit, so hald ih tesan minan bruodher, soso man mit rehtu sinan bruodher scal, in thiu, thaz er mig sosoma duo ; indi mit Ludheren in nohheiniu thing ne gegango, zhe minan uuillon imo ce scadhen uuerhen.

Louis The German, dcccxlii

That’s more or less comprehensible, I imagine, to a reader of 21st century English. I don’t run into problems until the word “geuuizci”. There are clear signs of the High German sound shift in it, though not in the places a reader of standard High German today might expect them, for instance “folches” rather than “Volkes”. It clearly is not Dutch, partly for that reason.

“Hebban olla vogala” may in fact not be Dutch either. Since it was written in Rochester, apparently by a Flemish monk in a convent, it’s also been claimed to be Old Kentish. Now at this point I could breezily make the claim that I can understand it because it’s in Kentish and I come from, well, Canterbury, but for all intents and purposes Kent, but the fact is that by the time I was born practically all the distinctive features of the Kentish accent and dialect had vanished in the face of the railways, probably more than a century before I was born. Dickens’s 1860 novel ‘Great Expectations’ famously has Abel Magwitch using the pronunciation “wittles” for “victuals”, which starts with a bilabial fricative /β/. There is no trace of this in my accent and nor have I ever heard it in any other person hailing from that county or from Canterbury (whose accent I’m assuming is the same as East Kent’s). Nonetheless I am faintly aware of what count as Kentish features, and even more Southern ones, such as the tendency to voice initial fricatives like F, TH, S and SH. This does actually give Southern English as was a rather Dutch flavour, and that seems like more than coincidence to me since Kent, Sussex and Wessex are the closest parts of England to the Low Countries. This could well mean, for example, that in Mediæval times people would’ve been saying and writing something like “voules” instead of “foules”, and earlier, in the more conservative southern region, “vogeles”. However, as I understand it the plural ending for present tense verbs in the South was “-eþ” rather than the later dominant “-en” (Chaucer’s “smale foules maken melodie” for example), so “hebben” is not Kentish, and the word “hinase” means nothing to me. It’s also odd that there’s an apparently hypercorrected H before “ic”, suggesting that there was a tendency to drop aitches in whatever that language was at some point which was being over-compensated for here. I also find it slightly surprising that /θ/ is apparently written as “TH” rather than “Þ”, although I seem to have seen this before in Old High German. I’m not sure what sound it actually represents. Also, “W” is written as “uu”, which is common even in Anglo-Saxon texts even though there was a perfectly respectable letter Ƿ to represent /w/ at the time. Then again, modern Dutch uses a labiodental semivowel in that position, and Flemish /v/. At the time, Kentish would’ve used the word “wat” in that position too, and it might well have been “uuat”.

The “nu” at the end seems to indicate that the Dutch “ui” diphthong had yet to emerge, if this is indeed Dutch, as it seems to be. This is not surprising and doesn’t provide a means of deciding between the languages this may be in.

In Middle English of the time, perhaps a mixed Kentish-Midland version, this could be something like “Hebben alle vogeles nestes gunnan bote vor me ende thee uuat abiden uue nu?”. However, although that’s probably a valid Middle English sentence, it is also quite contrived because, for example, the dual “wit” for “we two” was still used in Kent at the time. Placing these two next to each other:

Hebben alle vogeles nestes gunnan bote vor me ende thee uuat abiden uue nu? (My garbled English example)

Hebban olla vogala nestas hagunnan hinase hic enda thu uuat abidan uue nu? (The real version)

The biggest difference is caused by the fact that “hinase” is apparently a conjunction in Old Dutch and is represented by a prepositional construction in Middle English, which obscures the similarity in that part of the sentence by causing the objective forms of the pronouns to be adopted.

Nowadays this sentence is no longer considered to be the earliest Dutch. The Wachtendonck Psalms are older and longer, although they’re mixed Dutch and German, and the Egmond Willeram is another eleventh century Dutch translation of a German commentary on the Song Of Songs. Although these two sources are, I’m sure, prized and considered useful by Dutch speakers, I still find it a shame that this peculiar sentence is not now officially thought to be the only example of Old Dutch. On the other hand, both those examples are translations from German rather than original Dutch texts. I expect there’s another earlier and longer Dutch text I don’t know about.

For me, Dutch is what I think of as a “pincer movement” language. Although it’s a little unfair of me to think of a language in its own right as an adjunct to others, because I know English and standard (High) German well, both of which are quite close to it, Dutch itself makes some sense to me too without my having formally learnt it at all, although I have kind of glanced at it and I do also know some Afrikaans, which is very close indeed. In other words, my knowledge and awareness of Dutch is based on knowledge and awareness of adjacent subject areas, which makes it easier to learn. This phenomenon of the “frilly border” is easier to picture when learning certain languages but also applies to other subject areas. Unfortunately, it probably leads to a non-linguistic equivalent to «faux amis», where we think we know something but we don’t.

Something I’ve never done is compare Scots and English separately to Dutch. I expect English shorn of Romance terms to be somewhat closer to Dutch than Dutch is to Scots because that strikes me as more influenced by Scandinavian. English and Scots are both Ingvæonic languages and Dutch isnae. This shows with the nasal spirant law: a nasal consonant followed by a sibilant loses the nasal, such as the English “us” versus the Dutch “ons”. Scandinavian languages do something similar, which brings up the issue of whether English is actually even a West Germanic language at all or a Nordic one.

Somewhere on here I’ve written about the Dark Ages Ages on this island, and it’s that period which determines what we call Old English or Anglo-Saxon. They traditionally began with the “Last Groans Of The Britons” in around 450 and ended in 1066 when you-know-what happened. This is a 616-year period. Superimposed on the timeline ending in 2022, the earliest part of that period corresponds to about 1500, so it’s about the same as the Battle Of Bosworth Field to today. By that time, English was clearly recognisable and legible to the twenty-first century eye, so it can be expected, I suppose, that at least written Anglo-Saxon, such as it was at the start, would’ve been comprehensible to a reader such as Edward The Confessor. The actual period during which Germanic language was spoken in Great Britain started earlier than that because of German soldiers in the Roman army, and there are therefore runic inscriptions from earlier. These, however, may not be directly ancestral to English as they were from all over the place. English has never been a unified entity and I imagine few languages are. At least four tribes came over from the Angeln Peninsula, also known as Engla Land, speaking somewhat different languages, and writing was in the form of brief runic inscriptions. One of the earliest of these is found on the Loveden Hill Urn in Lincolnshire, a cremation urn dating from the fifth century on which is engraved the text:

ᛋᛇᚦᚫᛒᚫᛞ || ᚦᛁᚢᚹ || ᚻᛚᚫ[ᚹ]

This says “Siþæbæd þiuw hlæw”, which is difficult to interpret. A closer representation of the runes looks like this:

This is a typical example of early runic inscriptions, which look to me almost illiterate, like what a child would write as they are just starting out. I don’t know why this is exactly but it doesn’t seem to me that anyone among the early English speakers, insofar as the language can even be said to have existed at all back then, would’ve been spending much time writing, and the refinement of their instruments might also not have been up to much. Then again, something like the Sutton Hoo Hoard, which was sixth to seventh century, clearly demonstrates that there was sophisticated metalworking and jewellery at that time, only a century or so later. It says something like “Siþæbæd’s . . . barrow”, and presumably she was the woman whose remains were in the urn.

There’s also an Old Dutch runic inscription, or something like Old Dutch, dating from the same period: the Bergakker Inscription, found on a scabbard. These look similarly, er, rustic?:

These are unusual because they aren’t from the coast around the Frisian area but further inland in Gelderland. Cleaned up, they read as follows:

ᚺᚨ?[V]ᚦ[V]??ᛋ᛬ᚨᚾᚾ᛬ᚲ[V]ᛋᛃᚨᛗ᛬᛬ᛚᛟᚷ[V]ᚾᛋ᛬

Most people agree that the first bit is the genitive of “Hæþuþewaz”, but beyond that it becomes controversial. The last word looks to me like “loguns”, which has been taken to be a kenning (poetic synonym) for “flame”, meaning sword, which calls light sabres to mind incidentally. Given their location, this does in a way appear to be Dutch but at such a remote and early point in time, is it really at all significantly distinctive? Is the English inscription any more so? There could certainly be dialectal variations, but did those survive long enough to be recorded in written form by the time the languages had a distinct identity?

I can’t help thinking the Romans, Greeks and their ancient predecessors such as the Sumerians and Ancient Egyptians, were doing a better job than that with their writing. Then again, Linear B and others look pretty sloppy, so I don’t know. I don’t want to be judgemental about this. Maybe it’s just that the people in question were the likes of blacksmiths and farm labourers who were having to rely on their muscle power, making it hard to be neat and delicate. They did succeed in being so very soon afterwards though.

So that’s it really. The earliest fragments of Dutch and English, when they were the same language basically.

Caring For My Father – A Long Term Lockdown

My father, ten years ago

In keeping with the apparent interest I seem to get in talking about myself, today I’m going to be posting about my current “main thing”, which is that I care for my elderly father.

About five years ago, my father ceased to be able to look after himself on his own, largely due to a fall and mobility issues, so Sarada and I moved back in with him. I don’t know what one needs to do to affiliate oneself officially to some kind of caring organisation or whatever, and I don’t know its financial and legal consequences, so I haven’t done that. I do know that that means I’m not paying National Insurance via that route, which is a slight concern. Anyway, here’s a description of my day:

I get up at 6:30 am, shower and start to get my father’s medication and breakfast ready. He’s now confined to his bedroom. At 8 am during the week and 8:50 on Sundays, I get him up, dress him, change his incontinence pants and serve him breakfast, then wash and shave him. It’s this way round because he’s diabetic and I don’t want to leave him without medication or food for too long. He then watches television until he falls asleep and I put him back to bed. Then I make him lunch, which he has at 12:30 pm. Around 1:30 pm, he goes back to bed until about 3:30, then I get him up again, he watches more TV until I give him tea at 5:30 pm and he then goes back to bed at 7 pm on average. He’s at his most mentally active in the evening. I give him a hot water bottle and a banana at 8 pm and a paracetamol at 9. Averaging once a day, he uses the commode, which is always a struggle. It isn’t arduous but it does tend to tie me to the house.

Although I encourage him constantly to exercise, he’s very unkeen and it’s not clear whether this is because he’s just not capable of doing so or has given up. Psychologically, this is a bit complicated. In recent months I’ve had to try to lift him in and out of bed and have for some reason hurt my elbows in the process of doing so. He sometimes also needs me in the night for various reasons. I am attempting to help him to socialise more, but it isn’t easy because many of his friends have died or are similarly indisposed to himself.

Because I’m a health care professional, I’m able to attend to his needs in a somewhat different way to many other people. For instance, I look at the circulation of his hands and feet, examine his feet, look for bedsores, take his pulses, occasionally do mental state examinations, measure the movement of his joints, inspect his stools and so forth. I will shortly also be regularly testing his blood glucose. I hope that I’m gradually acquiring transferable skills as I do all this but don’t know how they could be assessed or certified. I’m also aware that being in this situation is tending to reduce my social capital, which is rather concerning to me and I don’t know how to address this.

When the lockdown began last year, it made hardly any difference to my life. That was substantially what I’d been doing anyway up until that time for a number of years already. The main difference was that I went shopping less often but bought more stuff. A while before that, he used to leave the house regularly on his mobility scooter to go to a café once a day and have the occasional meal out. One of the issues is that he has an authoritarian parenting style and it’s therefore sometimes difficult to get him to serve his own interests, and because he was in a managerial position for much of his career, he’s used to telling people what to do, which may not work well in current circumstances because of his mental state.

Speaking of which, he is lucid much of the time. Since I consider him a patient, I have to be careful with how much detail to go into with this and other aspects of his health. However, it won’t be a surprise to note that his balance is poor, as is his mobility, hearing and vision, although in some respects his eyesight is still better than mine. He is unable to stand.

Requests to social services and the NHS for extra help have largely resulted in them providing us with equipment. We have a rotunda, which helps him get in and out of bed and onto and off the commode, and a hoist which he paid himself which we cannot for the life of us work out how to use. There’s no sling and it mainly just gets in the way. He doesn’t have the upper body strength to lift himself up on it. Any advice on this would be most welcome. We also have our own draw sheet which makes things more hygienic and also makes it easier to move him in and to and from the bed, and there’s a bed rail.

There are a few reasons why I don’t mention this situation very often. One is that it seems to be an invasion of privacy. However, I think it’s important to recognise what may be going on quietly in homes all over the country where people are reaching the end stage of their life in a rather invisible way. Just as disabled people used to be hidden behind the scenes from an early age, nowadays we tend not to see the elderly very much beyond a certain stage unless we’re close relatives or work with them. It seemed significant that social services were keener to provide mechanical aids such as walking and toilet frames and the other things I’ve mentioned than personal services. On the one hand, this is probably due to wanting to maintain independence to the greatest extent for as long as possible, but it also seems to give out the message that things are more important than people. I imagine this has been looked at quite carefully but I don’t know.

The kind of personal provision available for the elderly appears to fall into two broad categories. Either someone comes in for a short period every day or the client (patient? Don’t know what to call them) goes into a nursing home and possibly loses their estate to pay for it. Neither of these seem at all adequate and it’s tempting to conclude that once someone is no longer considered economically productive, they’re seen as a drain on resources. On the other hand, it’s important to recognise the responsibility relatives and their community may have towards them, which are however often quite hard or impossible to address because of the economic and social pressures on those people. People talk about the “squeezed middle” a lot, referring to the middle class, but there’s also a generational “squeezed middle”, where people have responsibilities towards both parents and children. This is even more the case now that children find it impractical to leave home as young as they used to.

An additional problem in my life is that my parents separated fifteen years ago. This means that I have little opportunity to visit or attend to the needs of my mother, although she is far more able than my father and lives in sheltered accommodation. I often think that the later stages of a life-long marriage are more like a mini-care home where each spouse attends to the needs of the other which they can’t satisfy themselves. This also emphasises something a friend of mine once said about having an older partner: eventually the relationship you have with their body becomes primarily medical. I still think it was necessary for my parents to divorce but it does sometimes occur to me that in an ideal world, where perhaps everybody has a Qualcast Punch, they could’ve stayed together and looked after each other, or rather my mother could’ve looked after my father. She is an ex-nurse. Or is she in fact a nurse? Does it ever leave you?

A major issue for me in the past year is that it’s been difficult to get out to exercise. Although it doesn’t happen that often, my father sometimes does need me during the time I would previously have been running, between 5:30 and 6:30 am. This leaves me in the rather paradoxical position of not being able to exercise due to having to heft an eighty kilogramme weight around on a regular basis, and I’m not sure why that doesn’t help me keep fit. Really I should concentrate on Yoga and dancing, but somehow I don’t. I do not know why this is.

One advantage of taking care of an elderly parent, particularly a family member, is that it’s possible to see the health trends likely to affect oneself and the lifestyle factors which have led to them. For instance, like many people his age, my ninety-two year old father has very poor balance, so I’ve decided to compensate for this by practicing asanas which require balance. He was always quite active when he was younger, which considering his current predicament is a little concerning, particularly considering that that very predicament is currently preventing me from exercising, or is that an excuse? In any case, he has Type II diabetes (mellitus for completeness’s sake), for which I also have an increased risk, but unlike him there is no added sugar at all in my diet.

There are similarities to taking care of babies and small children but as I’ve been told regarding people with a learning disability, one difference is that with most children there’s a prospect of them becoming more capable, but this is a decline, although not a steady one. For instance, at the moment he has a cold, which I unfortunately gave him because I thought I was having a Covid-19 vaccine reaction, which wouldn’t’ve been infectious but turned out just to be a cold, so he’s not hugely capable right now, though probably will become more so again in the near future. However, “use it or lose it” needs to be borne in mind here because it becomes harder to regain capabilities in older people. There’s also a psychological aspect to whether one can gain strength or other capabilities because one may simply prefer not to have to confront the possibility that one may not be able to, or it may simply be too much effort to get it back even if it is technically within one’s capacity, and here the relationship comes into play because I am not assertive, and particularly not assertive with my father, which means that although I do try to encourage him I probably don’t do it as much as I might with other patients. This is one argument for having carers who are not relatives. Another difference with children is that adults are much heavier and harder to dress and change, and let’s just say their digestion is different and move swiftly on.

At some point this will end and I don’t know what things will be like coming out the other side. My main concern is that my mother gets the attention she deserves afterward, as right now I don’t think I can provide that. His life seems very limited and I do want to do what I can to improve it, particularly on the social side, but right now the Covid situation has been making things harder.

The question arises of what would happen in an ideal world, which is where we get back to the Qualcast Punch Problem: ideal for whom? Ideal in which way? Maybe in an ideal world nobody would get old, and at ninety-two my father has had a good go at that, but of course he did eventually do so. Then the question arises of whether that’s because we’re living in ‘Logan’s Run’ or we’re talking about Struldbugs from ‘Gulliver’s Travels’, which would still be an affliction. ‘Εος asked Ζευς to grant her lover Τιθονιος immortality, and her wish was granted, but she forgot to ask for eternal youth as well, with the result that he ended up completely paralysed and babbling to himself sealed in a room forever, so that wasn’t a good outcome. Getting a bit less extreme about this, maybe we just want the oldest generation to maintain the maximum quality of life for as long as possible without too much time seriously impaired, at least insofar as that can’t be remedied either socially or technologically. The question of ageism therefore arises, but we all seem to ascend a pyramid of ever fewer acquaintances as we age. For instance, retirement means the social life aspect of paid work is lost, and not being a member of a religious community (my dad’s non-religious) is another issue for many.

Making things a bit clearer, there seem to be the following factors:

• Ageism, including structural and institutional ageism. Some people recommend that you don’t retire if you can avoid it, for your own sake (personally it might be nice to have something to retire from but of course I’m not normal).
• Medical help for the accumulation of health conditions, and here the question arises of whether pure ageing exists or whether it’s simply the accumulation of health issues, many of which could be avoided if one is forewarned and in the right situation.
• Technological help for the disabled.
• Whether the responsibility for taking care of the elderly falls on the person concerned making their own provisions, society or their friends and relatives (and realistically that means relatives because of the pyramid effect I just mentioned).

I wouldn’t want a relative of mine to become institutionalised just because they were unable to look after themselves. There is an element of institutionalisation in what I’m doing now, in that I may have encouraged my father to become more dependent upon me than he needed to be. Because of past experiences, I’m not good at judging my strengths and weaknesses but I’m aware that a number of patients seemed to end up “needing” me more than they should’ve done, so I may not in fact be the best sort of person to care for the elderly after all. This is not to say that he genuinely doesn’t need me to some extent so much as that managing his decline could have had a shallower gradient. This is again an argument for a non-relative to become a carer. And in fact, given that we have a large number of underoccupied homes and also homeless people, a solution suggests itself there which would apply to at least some of them: some of the homeless people should care for the seniors incapable of caring for themselves. Incidentally, I would also expect this situation to have been exacerbated by the recent increase in “grey divorces”. So does that mean that previously there were people stuck in unhappy marriages and caring instead? It definitely seems that way.

The question of medical help could be answered by health care researchers and professionals crying, in an exasperated manner, “well, we’re trying as hard as we can!”, and of course they are, but they’re doing it in a capitalist society where treating conditions is more profitable than curing or preventing them. Extending life without also doing something about the economic system is just going to increase the inequality between people’s life expectancies according to income and wealth, because wealthier people are more easily going to be able to afford the treatments involved.

Technological help is another aspect. My father can get help for his mobility and is not short of money, and we have external devices which help him such as the commode and rotunda. There could, in theory, be internal devices such as hip and knee replacements, which he hasn’t got, cochlear implants, cataract lenses and a insulin pump. He could also have a self-raising bed. He doesn’t seem to want any of these things, and I wonder if this is to do with not liking change. If that’s common, there’s a psychological barrier to extending quality and quantity of life in that respect.

I’m happy to continue in this rôle for as long as required. I also consider it to be meaningful and useful. But the question also arises of who else out there needs care. Some time ago, a survey of the British public put long term care for the elderly as the top priority, which I actually disagree with because I see preventative medicine as more important. Even so, I can see the argument, and even agree with it to some extent. The obvious option, at least for people who can’t realistically call on family, friends or neighbours to help, would seem to be some kind of publicly-funded care service where there was regular meaningful social contact, and this might sound like it would cost the Earth but there are ways to provide it affordably, and also, the country spent over a trillion (short-scale – sounds more impressive that way) bailing out the banks and hundreds of billions will ultimately be spent on nuclear weapons systems, so perhaps we can use an affordability argument if it ever gets its priorities right. There’s also a demographic issue because boomers and to a lesser extent Gen-Xers are two bumps in the population. Boomers are soon going to hit the age when many of them will need care, and Gen-Xers will do so in the 2040s. The problem isn’t going away. In theory, by doing what I’m doing I’ve removed myself from the wage economy and am not providing the same amount of tax revenue or added value via paid work as I might have been previously. Although because of the way my life has gone, this isn’t actually true of me, it is true of most other people in this situation, and when it isn’t, the usual reason is because they haven’t had as successful an employment career, although they may well have had a successful parenting “career”, or still be having one.

So what do I want?

I want this country to provide a long-term care for the elderly service which is actively offered to all people over a certain age, which will be publicly funded without excuses about being unaffordable, because it isn’t, and provides social contact as well as practical help. Even if this existed though, we wouldn’t be interested in using it, and that should probably be borne in mind because the willingness of family and community to provide proper support will also be there and that will make it a lot cheaper. It’s also likely to be used more by single and divorced people, so there’s a substantial portion of people in long-term relationships who can also be taken out of the equation. I’m not an expert in this by any means, and I probably should look into ideas in this area, so maybe this is being offered by some political parties or being suggested by think tanks, charities and pressure groups, but I don’t know. I would rather go into this naïvely, as I do with many things at first, because I prefer to make up my mind about what I think without insidious coercion from others. That’s not to say that the ideas out there are not perfectly good, but it’s just important to approach this from the right angle.

Anybody know what they actually are?